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1 recovery of associated resources
The tailings resource is an important development direction of the current comprehensive utilization of resources, and most of the tailings have been initially ground and processed, and its subsequent processing and utilization can significantly reduce energy consumption, which is beneficial to make full use of useful minerals and useful components in tailings. The valuable elements are of great significance for saving mineral resources, developing a resource-saving circular economy, and improving the economic, social and environmental benefits of mining enterprises.
The US Geological Survey conducted a detailed process mineralogical study of the tailings of large-scale molybdenum mines in the United States. In the presence of tailings potassium feldspar and quartz and other minerals may be optional use of industrial research. The results showed that sodium citrate-sodium carbonate-fatty acid flotation-magnetic separation method could select K2O12%, Na0.65%, CaO0.13%, Al2O319.2%, SiO263 from several large-scale tailings. .3% potassium feldspar concentrate. The flotation-magnetic separation method can select quartz concentrates containing SiO298.1%~99.7% and Fe0.04% from several large molybdenum plant tailings.
After the flotation of molybdenum ore in Henan Province, the tungsten ore was floated from the extremely low tailings containing WO30.054%, and the P-1 collector was coarsely selected at room temperature, and the temperature was selected at 90 °C. Containing 360% to 27% of low grade scheelite concentrate, the tungsten recovery is 60% to 65%.
Hebei Laiyuan Grand Bay molybdenum ore containing iron (FeO meter) 10% to 15%, from 2000 began to use magnetic iron ore recovery, recycling 60% to 70%, by 2008 the cumulative recovery of iron ore than 20 million tons . The iron is recovered from the tailings, only a magnetic separator is added to the tailing line. The power is only 7.5kW, the cost is not more than 10 yuan/ton iron ore, and each 1 tons of molybdenum concentrate can be collected at the same time. Mine can offset more than 1/10 of the cost of molybdenum beneficiation.
A study on the properties of a molybdenum tailings in Henan Province found that it has the value of recovering pyrite and magnetite. Under the flotation reagent system of activator sulfuric acid, collector isobutyl xanthate and foaming agent pine alcohol oil of 200, 50, 35g/t, the molybdenum tailings adopt one rough selection, one selection and one time. By sweeping the flotation closed-circuit process, a sorting index of 41.21% sulfur concentrate grade and 87.68% recovery rate can be obtained. The sulfur tailings are further passed through a magnetic separation-re-grinding-two-stage magnetic separation process to obtain a classification index of 62.72% of iron concentrate grade and 41.86% of total iron recovery rate.
Baishitun molybdenum tailings contain about 20% of mica and more than 40% of quartz. The proposal given by experts is: after selecting molybdenum, the coarse particles with high molybdenum content (+100 mesh) are returned to fine grinding, then ground and re-selected. Mica has good buoyancy characteristics, flotation mica in fine tailings of -100 mesh; then refined quartz by reverse flotation, can obtain qualified industrial silica mineral products; about 50% of tailings make mineral fertilizer or A soil conditioner that allows the tailings to be fully resourced.
A molybdenum mine in Sanmenxia, ​​Henan Province, has a silica content of 93% in tailings, which has almost met the requirements of industrial silica mineral products. After dissociation and reverse flotation, impurities can be obtained to obtain higher quality silica minerals. The foam product returns to the molybdenum flotation section to recover molybdenum.
Zhang Ganwei et al. selected the tailings products of a molybdenum ore dressing plant in Liaoning as the research object, and used the flotation method to sort out the phlogopite concentrate. From the aspect of ore dressing production, the feasible process of the phlogopite flotation in the tailings was analyzed. The selected phlogopite recovery rate is 40%, the grade is 9.5% or more, and the phlogopic recovery rate is 20% and the grade is 7.0% or more. The research not only provides comprehensive utilization of molybdenum tailings to completely eliminate the hidden dangers of tailings storage, but also provides theoretical and experimental basis for the flotation practice of molybdenum tailings.
2 tailings water treatment
The molybdenum ore beneficiation wastewater has a complex composition and a high concentration of pollutants, especially for the high concentration of suspended solids, which is increased by more than 200,000 mg. In the beneficiation process, the beneficiation wastewater is formed into a colloidal solution with a higher viscosity due to the addition of a certain amount of pH adjuster, gangue inhibitor and collector of valuable minerals [89]. Although the suspended solids and COD are still higher than 400mg/L and 120mg/L after a long period of precipitation, the treatment of such wastewater is a technical difficulty in the current industry.
Taking the Chaoyang Xinhua Molybdenum Mine as an example, the fine-grained suspension in the tailings water is suspended for a long time under the action of a large amount of water glass, which seriously affects the beneficiation index. Yuan Zhitao of Northeastern University used H2SO4 and CaO as pH adjusters, PAC, PAFCS and PAM as flocculants, and MgCl2 and CaCl2 as coagulants. The turbidity of wastewater and the settling velocity of flocs were studied when treated with different coagulants. The test results show that with CaO as pH adjuster, PAM as flocculant and CaCl2 as coagulant, the floc sedimentation is the fastest when the dosage is 600g/t, 20g/t, 200g/t, and the supernatant turbidity is only For the 762FTU.
3 tailings paste storage
Tailings treatment is an important part of mine production and an important part of the construction and operation of the concentrator. In recent years, in order to improve the environment, safety and land occupation caused by the traditional tailings surface storage method, the new technology of tailings paste storage has gradually been industrialized. The Wunuuge Tushan Copper- Molybdenum Mine is the first mining enterprise in the domestic large-scale non-ferrous metal mine to adopt the tailings paste storage technology. The tailings are concentrated by two 40m deep cone paste thickeners, the underflow concentration can reach 66%, and the paste is discharged to the tailings pond through a diaphragm pump and various auxiliary equipment. The tailings paste storage process is shown in Figure 4. The actual production operation shows that the high concentration tailings concentrated by the deep cone paste thickener will not show segregation, showing the characteristics of the paste, even in the cold winter, it can flow smoothly in the pipeline, and in the tailings pond A beach slope of 2% to 3% is formed to achieve the desired result of the paste discharge. By adopting the tailings paste discharge process, the backwater utilization rate of the concentrator is improved, the safety of the tailings pond is enhanced, and the tailings reservoir area is reduced by nearly 1/3.
Figure 4 tailings paste storage process
4 tailings use as sticky (sand) soil materials
Molybdenum tailings compound clay , sandstone, lime (triple soil) as roadbed material, technically no problem, but if transported far, the cost is much higher than the sandstone resources replaced, unless the project is nearby, it is generally difficult The project accepted, so practical examples have not been seen. Land-making is equivalent to the construction of tailings reservoirs in different places. Because it cannot be directly cultivated, it is necessary to cover the tillage layer. The resource and environmental significance are not as good as the tailings reservoir.
Replacing clay in cement raw materials with tailings as a source of silice is superior to ordinary clay, which is conducive to improving quality. In recent years, the protection of cultivated land has become stronger and stronger. The land for free is no longer available. The land is difficult to buy and the price is far more than the use of tailings. Therefore, it is seen in Jinxi and Taihang Mountains in Hebei. Unfortunately, the residual molybdenum in the tailings is wasted, which is really deplorable.
Guo Xianjun conducted a pilot study on the use of molybdenum ore slag to make cement clinker of various roads. The results show that molybdenum slag with calcium iron garnet as the main constituent mineral can be used as cement raw material. The residual pyrrhotite and wollastonite in the molybdenum slag have a fluxing effect in the calcination process of the cement clinker, which is beneficial to the clinker burning. Spontaneous combustion of coal gangue with an aluminum material quality correction, both to increase the alumina raw meal, but also into some of the silica and alumina are active, will help to improve raw material burnability.
Some tailings materials can be used directly or in selected to make bricks and ceramics such as ceramic tiles with higher added value. Some mines have already conducted corresponding inspections and tests. It is understood that most of them are rejected due to traffic problems. Excessive transportation costs make it difficult for products to compete in the building materials industry. If the high-quality clay and porcelain clay can be selected in the tailings, it is better to choose the raw materials to supply the raw materials to the ceramics factory.
5 molybdenum tailings agricultural examples
Molybdenum tailings for agricultural use. There have been some successful explorations, including industrial trials and field trials, demonstrations and applications of a certain scale. The use of molybdenum tailings as the main raw material for the production of mineral fertilizers. In 2007, Shenhong Group Wuyuan Mining Company completed the industrial test of 1000 tons of mineral fertilizer (multi-silicon fertilizer) with Dawan molybdenum tailings as the main raw material. The products are mainly composed of calcium, magnesium and silicon. At the same time, they contain potassium and iron, copper, zinc , molybdenum and other trace elements, and they are registered as “multi-silicon fertilizer†in Heilongjiang Province. In black, JI, Liao, 冀, and Henan, rice, corn, winter wheat, fruit trees, greenhouse vegetables, soybeans, and peanuts have increased yield, resistance, disease resistance, and quality. In 2008, it passed the technical appraisal of the Environmental Science Society and was released by the China Association of Science and Technology as a new technology promoted nationwide in 2009.
Molybdenum tailings produce soil conditioners. In 2010, Guangdong Wanfang Group completed the 500t industrial test with Baishiyu molybdenum tailings as the main raw material, and successfully used the soil conditioner for acid red soil to increase production and improve quality in rice, vegetables, tropical fruits and tobacco. Improve soil and other effects. Based on this, we are working with institutions such as South China Agricultural University and Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences to further develop special fertilizers suitable for various crops in the southern acid red soil region.
Harmlessness is the premise of molybdenum tailings for agricultural use. It must ensure that the content of harmful heavy metals in tailings does not exceed the relevant standards of fertilizers, soil conditioners, agricultural muds, etc., or meet the standard requirements through mineral processing and other physical and chemical measures. The toxic and harmful components in the medicament are decomposed and detoxified by reliable measures.
Breaking through the traditional tailings disposal mode, realizing the comprehensive utilization of molybdenum tailings, and implementing tailless clean beneficiation, in addition to the environment and society, the progress of molybdenum beneficiation itself is also the only way.
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