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Vacuum pumps are essential in various industrial and scientific applications, where maintaining a specific pressure level is crucial. Based on their working principles, vacuum pumps can generally be categorized into two main types: gas transfer pumps and gas capture pumps. As the demand for vacuum technology expands across different fields, it has become common to combine multiple vacuum pumps into an integrated system to meet the requirements of complex processes. Therefore, selecting the right combination of vacuum pump types is critical for optimal performance.
To better understand and utilize these pumps, they are often classified based on their operating mechanisms or structural features. Here's a detailed overview:
**1. Gas Transfer Pumps**
Gas transfer pumps operate by continuously drawing in and expelling gas, thereby creating a vacuum. These pumps are typically divided into two categories: **volume change pumps** and **momentum transfer pumps**.
**1.1 Volume Change Pumps**
These pumps work by changing the internal volume cyclically to move gas from the inlet to the outlet. They are further subdivided into:
- **Reciprocating Vacuum Pumps**: These use a piston that moves back and forth within a cylinder to draw in and compress gas before discharging it. They are also known as piston pumps.
- **Rotary Vacuum Pumps**: These rely on rotating components to create variable volumes inside the pump chamber. Common types include:
- **Oil-sealed Rotary Vane Pump**: Uses oil to seal moving parts and reduce internal leakage. It often includes a gas ballast valve to prevent condensation.
- **Dry Vacuum Pump**: Operates without oil, making it suitable for clean environments.
- **Liquid Ring Pump**: Utilizes a liquid ring to form variable volumes, commonly used with water or oil.
- **Roots Pump**: Features two synchronized rotors that move gas through the pump. Often used as a booster pump.
- **Multi-chamber Rotary Vane Pump**: Contains multiple chambers driven by a single motor, improving efficiency.
**1.2 Momentum Transfer Pumps**
These pumps transfer momentum to gas molecules using high-speed rotation or jets, allowing them to exhaust gas from the system. Examples include:
- **Molecular Pumps**: Use high-speed rotors to collide with gas molecules and push them out. Types include:
- **Turbomolecular Pump**: Features a rotor with blades that spin at high speed, ideal for molecular flow conditions.
- **Traction Molecular Pump**: Relies on direct collisions between the rotor and gas molecules.
- **Composite Molecular Pump**: Combines turbomolecular and traction designs for enhanced performance.
- **Jet Pumps**: Use a high-speed jet created via the Venturi effect to move gas. Variants include:
- **Liquid Jet Pump**: Uses liquid (e.g., water) as the working fluid.
- **Gas Jet Pump**: Employs non-condensable gas as the working medium.
- **Steam Jet Pump**: Uses steam (water, oil, or mercury vapor) to generate the jet.
- **Diffusion Pumps**: Use a high-speed vapor jet to guide gas molecules toward the outlet. They are suitable for ultra-high vacuum environments. Subtypes include:
- **Self-purifying Diffusion Pump**: Removes impurities without returning them to the reservoir.
- **Fractional Diffusion Pump**: Uses a fractionation device to optimize performance.
- **Diffusion Jet Pump**: Combines nozzle-based jet pumping with momentum transfer, often used in multi-stage systems.
- **Ion Transport Pump**: Ionizes gas molecules and uses electric or magnetic fields to transport them out of the chamber.
**2. Gas Capture Pumps**
Unlike transfer pumps, gas capture pumps remove gas molecules by adsorbing or condensing them on the inner surfaces of the pump. Common types include:
- **Adsorption Pumps**: Use porous materials with large surface areas to physically adsorb gas molecules.
- **Getter Pumps**: Employ reactive materials (such as metals or alloys) to chemically bind gases. Subtypes include:
- **Evaporation Ion Pump**: Uses subliming getters to coat the pump walls.
- **Sputtering Ion Pump**: Utilizes ionized gas that is adsorbed onto a sputtered getter surface.
- **Cryogenic Pumps**: Cool the pump’s interior to extremely low temperatures, causing gas molecules to condense and adhere to the surface, achieving ultra-high vacuum levels.
Understanding the different types of vacuum pumps allows engineers and scientists to select the most appropriate system for their specific application, ensuring efficiency, reliability, and performance in various vacuum environments.
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