Discussion on sea water source heat pump air conditioning system

**Abstract:** The seawater source heat pump air conditioning system has gained increasing attention in coastal cities due to its ability to harness the vast thermal energy stored in seawater. This paper explores the different application forms of this system, which can provide both cooling and heating to multiple buildings simultaneously. It categorizes the system into three types based on the location of the heat pump units: centralized, decentralized, and two-stage coupled. The possible operating modes during winter and summer are analyzed, along with the advantages and disadvantages of each configuration. The study aims to serve as a reference for practical implementation and further research into seawater source heat pump systems. **Keywords:** seawater source heat pump, heat pump, air conditioning, central cooling, heating --- **1. Introduction** Energy issues have become a global concern, and China, being one of the largest energy consumers, faces significant challenges in reducing energy consumption. Building energy use accounts for nearly a quarter of the country’s total energy demand. To address this, energy conservation and the utilization of renewable energy sources have become key areas of research. With its long coastline, China has started planning to implement seawater source heat pump air conditioning systems in coastal cities. These systems offer an eco-friendly solution by providing cooling and heating while reducing pollution and supporting sustainable urban development. This paper discusses the various application forms and characteristics of such systems, aiming to support future projects and operational strategies. **2. Overview of Seawater Source Heat Pump Air Conditioning System** A seawater source heat pump air conditioning system uses seawater as a heat source or sink, transferring heat through heat pump units to provide either heating or cooling. The thermal energy in seawater is a renewable resource, making this system an environmentally friendly option that supports energy efficiency and sustainability. Seawater temperature varies depending on geographic location and climatic conditions. To maximize the efficiency and economic benefits of the system, it is essential to analyze different configurations of seawater source heat pumps under varying environmental conditions. This helps meet the specific needs of users and optimize system performance. **3. Forms of Seawater Source Heat Pump Air Conditioning Systems** **3.1 Centralized Seawater Heat Pump Air Conditioning System** In a centralized system, all seawater heat pump units are located in a single heat pump room, typically near the coast or at the user site. The system provides hot or chilled water to users through an external network. This approach is also known as a centralized cooling system. - **Winter Operation Modes:** - Mode 1: The heat pump directly heats the return water to the required temperature (e.g., 60/50°C) and delivers it to users. - Mode 2: The heat pump raises the return water slightly higher than the user's requirement (e.g., 65/50°C), allowing for more flexible temperature control and reduced pumping energy. - **Summer Operation Modes:** - Mode 1: The heat pump produces chilled water (e.g., 7/12°C) and supplies it directly to users. - Mode 2: Chilled water is produced slightly colder (e.g., 5/12°C) and delivered to users, improving efficiency and reducing water flow. - **Advantages:** - Lower initial investment due to load diversity. - Higher COP in large-scale units. - Reduced building space usage and noise pollution. - Conservation of freshwater resources. - Easier maintenance and management. **3.2 Decentralized Seawater Heat Pump Air Conditioning System** In this configuration, each user has their own heat pump unit, and the outdoor network only supplies seawater. While this increases initial costs and reduces COP compared to centralized systems, it offers greater flexibility for individual users. Each user can adjust temperature settings and even integrate with water ring systems for additional efficiency. **3.3 Two-Stage Coupled Seawater Heat Pump Air Conditioning System** This system combines both centralized and decentralized elements. It allows for dual operation, where both the central station and individual units work together. This is especially useful in areas with very low seawater temperatures, eliminating the need for auxiliary heating sources. - **Winter Operation Modes:** - Mode 1: Central heat pump prepares warm water (15–20°C) for distribution. - Mode 2: If seawater is warmer, the central unit can directly supply heated water. - Mode 3: Individual units operate independently when seawater is sufficiently warm. - Mode 4: A combination of central and decentralized units may be used for optimal performance. - **Summer Operation Modes:** Similar to winter, but focused on refrigeration. The system can operate in single or combined modes depending on seawater temperature. **4. Conclusion** This paper classifies seawater source heat pump systems into three main types: centralized, decentralized, and two-stage coupled, based on the placement of heat pump units. It highlights the advantages of centralized systems, such as lower energy consumption and better management, while discussing the flexibility of decentralized options. The two-stage system offers a unique advantage in extreme climates. All systems utilize seawater directly for cooling, demonstrating their potential for sustainable and efficient building climate control. Further research is needed to tailor these systems to specific project requirements, ensuring optimal energy performance and cost-effectiveness.

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