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Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Ministry of Water Resources, Li Yingneng
Water-saving irrigation is being developed on a large scale in northern China, and different water-saving irrigation technology models have been adopted in various places in combination with their own characteristics. These water-saving irrigation engineering technology models have popularization and application values ​​not only in the north but also throughout the country. In order to make these models more perfect, some of the technical problems of several representative models are discussed.
1. Suburban facilities agriculture water-saving efficient engineering technology model
Facilities Agricultural cultivation is also called protection 44. It is the use of protective facilities such as a greenhouse and a plastic shed to artificially create environmental conditions suitable for the growth of crops. In order to achieve quality, high yield and high efficiency. Its production targets are high value-added crops such as vegetables and flowers that are consumed by urban residents. The suburbs of large and medium-sized cities in our country are the most ideal areas for the development of water saving and efficient engineering technologies for facility agriculture. In these areas, drip irrigation technology is the most commonly used water-saving irrigation technology. This type of engineering technology generally includes: water source engineering, solar greenhouses (or plastic film greenhouses), irrigation hubs (pumps, control equipment, fertilizing equipment, filtration equipment), water pipelines, and emitters. Emitters commonly used drippers, drip irrigation pipes (bands), gushing water, can also be combined with sub-film irrigation. Facility agriculture Water saving irrigation technology and equipment should be based on domestic. Especially at the current stage, China should vigorously develop facility agricultural equipment suitable for China's national conditions on the basis of absorbing advanced foreign technology. In terms of water-saving irrigation equipment for agricultural facilities, it is necessary to focus on the formulation of materials and production processes for complete sets of micro-irrigation equipment that are suitable for ordinary greenhouse applications, and to reduce the sales price and improve the reliability and durability. In order to maximize the advantages of micro-irrigation equipment in the application of facility agriculture, great efforts should be made to solve the problems of backward technology and equipment that are not suitable for the use of micro-irrigation equipment for fertilization, and to study the solubility of various crops suitable for facility agriculture at various growth stages. Fertilizer, so that irrigation can achieve synchronization of water and fertilizer, to maximize the comprehensive benefits of water and fertilizer.
2. Technical model of eco-agricultural water-saving irrigation engineering in Pingchun Well Irrigation District
At present, the pure-well irrigation areas in the northern plains of China have the problem that the groundwater level declines year by year and the ecological environment deteriorates. In such irrigation areas, the main purpose of reducing irrigation water consumption should be to improve the water environment, restore ecological balance, and maintain the sustainable development of agricultural production. Therefore, the amount of irrigation water for crops in the irrigation area should be determined according to the amount of groundwater extracted from the ecological requirements. Under this premise, most of the current irrigation areas cannot fully irrigate crops on the entire irrigated area. To solve this problem, two approaches can be taken. One is to reduce the irrigated area. In the remaining irrigated area, the traditional full irrigation method that pursues the highest yield is still used. In other areas, “rain farming†is developed; the second is to maintain the original In irrigated areas, non-full irrigation methods are applied to crop irrigation, that is, water is used to provide sufficient water supply during the most sensitive period of crop yield, while in other periods, less water supply or even no water supply is implemented, and the highest yield per unit is not pursued, but the highest total output is pursued. . In terms of efficient water-saving irrigation techniques, low-pressure pipes for irrigation or sprinkler irrigation are generally applied to field crops, and micro-irrigation can be applied to cash crops.
3. Technical mode of water-supply irrigation engineering for self-pressure pipelines in irrigation area of ​​hilly lands
In irrigated areas where irrigation water sources are in short supply and agricultural production levels are high, the use of self-pressure pipeline water delivery irrigation technology is an ideal model. The focus is on solving the technical problems of planning and design and field water management. In addition, there are some technical issues such as the selection of pipes, construction technology, drainage pipe connections, and anti-fouling that need to be resolved.
4. Technical model of water-saving irrigation engineering in combination with irrigation channels and drainage wells
There are two main forms of combined irrigation in drainage wells. One is to irrigate river water in the upper reaches of the irrigation area, the other uses irrigation in well water, and two irrigation engineering systems are used for canal irrigation and well irrigation. The other is that the same land in the irrigation area uses river water. Irrigation and irrigation with well water, sharing a set of irrigation engineering system. In the development of water-saving irrigation in this type of irrigation area, it is possible to use channel seepage control and advanced irrigation techniques to reduce the engineering and technical measures for the loss of water from the channel and the loss of water in the field. The channels can also be used for non-impermeability, and the field irrigation is still using traditional methods. Use appropriate engineering techniques and management measures to increase the reuse of irrigation water.
5. Water-saving irrigation technology model for joint water supply of interception and interception of rivers and high-level water pools in low mountain and hilly regions
In the northern rivers and hills, although the rivers often stop flowing during the dry season, floods often occur during the flood season, and there are many silts. Therefore, in the course of interception and storage of irrigation water for such rivers, it is imperative that hydrological analysis be carried out, careful project design be carried out to ensure that flood protection and siltation are ensured, and it is necessary to comply with the national flood control regulations for such rivers. When designing high-level pools, it is necessary to carefully study and analyze the amount of water that can be supplied by the rivers through interception, interception, and storage, so as to prevent the waste of the entire irrigation project from being wasted due to the large design of the ponds. In order to reduce the investment in the project, the “sewer pipe†that supplies water from the river water source to the pool and the “sewer pipe†that transfers the water from the water tank to the irrigation system should share the same pipe. Therefore, a suitable pipe diameter should be selected in the design while satisfying both requirements.
6. Technical model of water-saving irrigation engineering to reduce labor intensity and increase production efficiency in economically developed regions
This model generally includes the use of fixed sprinkler irrigation or mechanical pipette irrigation on field crop irrigation, and mechanical pipe transfer sprinkler irrigation is currently the preferred reel-type sprinkler; economic crops use fixed micro-irrigation, and the use of automated control technology. For fixed sprinkling irrigation, nozzles with a longer range can be properly selected to increase the spacing between the branch pipe and the sprinkler, reducing the amount of pipelines, thereby reducing the investment in the project. It is also possible to use new geopressure pipes such as ribbed plastic pipes to reduce pipe investment. In order to not affect the tillage, the joints connecting the buried pressure pipe and the vertical pipe should be designed below the ground surface. For coiled reel sprinkler, the biggest problem currently is that the required working pressure for sprinkler irrigation is high and the energy consumption is large, resulting in high operating cost; secondly, a nozzle roadway of about 2 meters wide is needed in the field, which occupies a large area. Farmers are not easy to accept. For these situations. A small-sized reel-type sprinkler should be developed. The required nozzle roadway is very small and it is easy to walk in the wide rows of crops. The working pressure required for sprinkler irrigation should also be greatly reduced. Such a reel-type sprinkler can operate under the same field conditions as an ordinary manual pipe-spray irrigation system, and the required labor intensity will also be greatly reduced.
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