China's photovoltaic industry lost the EU's Asia Pacific

With the rise of China's photovoltaic industry, the storms encountered by Chinese PV companies in the European and American markets have never stopped. In August of this year, the EU even withdrew the price commitments of eight PV companies in China, making the number of Chinese PV companies “exited” as many as 16 at present. At the same time, in the first half of this year, China's exports of photovoltaic products to Europe fell sharply by 30%. Faced with external concerns, experts said that the current diversified pattern of the global PV market has gradually formed. With the increasing share of Chinese PV companies in emerging markets such as India and Africa, China's PV industry's ability to resist risks has significantly increased.

EU PV market continues to shrink

The disqualification of some enterprises in the implementation of China-EU PV price commitments has indeed affected China's PV exports to Europe to a certain extent, but it is not the root cause of the decline in China's PV exports to Europe. According to the data, from June 2015 to August 2016, the European Commission has cancelled the price commitment qualification of 16 PV companies in China. The 16 companies that have been disqualified from the price commitment are divided into two categories: one is voluntary application for withdrawal, and four such enterprises; the other is disqualified for alleged violations of the price commitment agreement, a total of 12.

"For some enterprises to be disqualified from the price commitment, they need to watch." The Ministry of Commerce spokesperson Shen Danyang analyzed that, first of all, we must see that most enterprises still retain the price commitment qualification, and there are still 105 companies still Within the price commitment range. Secondly, some enterprises that apply for withdrawal are voluntary activities of the enterprise, mainly seeking to obtain favorable market opportunities and space for the purpose of getting rid of the terms of the price commitment agreement. Third, some enterprises do violate the agreement. The Chinese side of such enterprises supports the treatment according to the provisions of the agreement. Fourth, there are still some problems in the implementation of the current price commitment, mainly because the minimum price under the price commitment has seriously deviated from the market level price, and there are new situations such as the failure to fully predict the business model when negotiating and signing the agreement. The party makes appropriate adjustments.

In response to the decline in China's PV exports to the EU. Shen Danyang further pointed out that EU trade restrictions have affected China's PV exports to a certain extent, but the main reason for the decline in exports is that EU member states have gradually eliminated the incentive policy for PV applications, causing the market to shrink sharply. China's export volume has declined and export prices have fallen.

The data shows that the EU market has fallen from 22.4 GW, which peaked in PV installed capacity in 2011, to 8 GW in 2015. In 2015, within the price commitment, China exported 3.46 GW to the EU, with an amount of 1.785 billion euros.

"If the EU continues to maintain restrictions, it will further aggravate the shrinking situation, and it is not conducive to the long-term interests of the EU. I hope that the EU will completely terminate the anti-dumping and anti-subsidy measures of photovoltaics as soon as possible, so that the photovoltaic market will return to normal conditions and truly achieve mutual benefit and win-win results." Shen Danyang Say.

Asia-Pacific market diversification continues to strengthen

It is worth noting that the current global PV market is undergoing major changes. China has become the world's largest PV market. The diversification of the Asia-Pacific market continues to strengthen. The shrinking EU PV market is declining in importance in the global market.

In particular, after the first half of the rush to install the tide and the reduction of photovoltaic electricity price subsidies, China's PV market demand has temporarily declined. Since the second half of the year, the price of downstream components has fallen rapidly, which has driven the prices of the middle and upper reaches to continue to fall. Faced with the saturation of domestic market demand and the vigorous development of overseas markets such as India, China's first-line PV companies have stepped up efforts in overseas markets such as India to explore the huge development opportunities along the “Belt and Road” market.

According to the latest report from the authoritative organization Mercom Capital, as of August this year, India's cumulative solar power generation exceeded 8.1 GW, and the installed capacity of the equipment reached 2.8 GW that year. It is estimated that the new installation capacity in 2016 will reach 4.8 GW. Under the temptation of huge market prospects, major PV companies have turned from the original European and American markets to emerging markets such as India, South America and Africa.

Chen Kangping, CEO of Jinko Energy, told the Economic Daily reporter: "The industry is facing challenges, but it is expected to rebound in the fourth quarter of 2016. In the second half of the year, we have locked in a large number of large orders, expecting Latin America, India and The Japanese market is growing rapidly and the geographical distribution of the company's shipments will be more balanced."

After years of operation, Zhengxin Optoelectronics has developed several photovoltaic power generation projects in various emerging markets such as Indonesia, Japan and Saudi Arabia. Among them, the cumulative scale of power plants developed only in the Japanese market has exceeded 500 MW. “With its rich experience in photovoltaic manufacturing and product development, the company has reached a number of potential partners in the Indian market and plans to share its manufacturing experience with potential partners in India to actively build and upgrade component capacity in India.” Wang Guifen, chairman of Optoelectronics, revealed.

Give full play to the advantages of the entire industry chain

From the perspective of the international market, the photovoltaic industry has blossomed in an all-round way, and the global installed capacity is growing and the penetration rate is getting higher and higher. The International Energy Agency predicts that it will grow to 123 GW by 2030, and there may be a peak of 200 GW per year between 2030 and 2040. According to a research report by Bloomberg New Energy Finance, by 2030, solar energy will surpass other new energy technologies and become the cheapest energy source.

In the future, the growth of global PV installations will mainly come from emerging markets. In order to firmly occupy these markets, China's PV industry must give full play to the advantages of market, technology and industry-wide chain collaboration, and build upstream and downstream from component manufacturing to power station development. The industrial linkage pattern will give full play to the superior effects of upstream and downstream synergies.

“Although China has established some advantages in emerging markets, the export environment of photovoltaic products is still unstable. Overseas “double-reverse” investigations against Chinese PV products have occurred.” An industry insider said that from the perspective of long-term development If companies go out alone, they may encounter difficulties. They need to cooperate with the whole industry to improve their overall response level and ability to resist risks.

Compared with the mature European and American markets, emerging markets are mostly developing countries and regions with less mature industries. When opening up the market, it is more necessary to adapt to local conditions, to understand the climate characteristics, political situation, laws and regulations of the local market, and to develop local teams. Jing Jing, vice president of Jinko Energy, said that companies must first understand the differences in local policies, application differences, and differences in purchasing habits of target customers, and then choose the right counterpart products, promote communication channels, partners and cooperation methods. It depends on the brand, cost and service. This is the king of victory."

Angular contact Ball Bearings

 

Angular Contact Ball Bearing has high limit rotational speed, they can carry radial load and axial load simultaneously, they can also withstand purely radial load. The axial load carrying capacity depends on the magnitude of contact angle and increases with increasing contact angle.

Structures

1. Non-separable angular contact ball bearings

This inner ring and outer ring of this type of bearings cannot be separated and comprises following structures:

Contact angle α=15°      counter bore on outer ring,7000Ctype

Contact angle α=25°      counter bore on outer ring,7000ACtype

Contact angle α=40°      counter bore on outer ring, 7000B type

2. Four-point contact ball bearings

This type of bearings is separable bearings. Whereof, QJ0000 type has two-piece inner ring and QJF0000 type has two-piece outer ring. Their contact angles are same as 35°.When received no load or pure radial load, the steel balls of the Ball Bearing contact with the four points of the rings. When it is received a pure axial load, the steel balls perform a two-point contact with the ring. In addition, besides the axial load from both directions, this kind of bearing can take torque-load as well.

3. Double row angular contact ball bearings

This kind of bearings can accommodate radial loads as well as axial loads acting in both directions; they can also take loading moment. They can restrain the axial displacement from both directions of the shaft or housing; the contact angle is 30° (or 40°)

Permissible tilt angle

There is only a little inclination between the inner ring and outer ring of angular contact bearings, the permissible tilt angle varies according to the internal clearance when the bearings are operating, the bearing dimensions, internal design, force and loading moment received by the bearings. The value of the maximum permissible tilt angle should be able to ensure that no much extra stress to be generated inside the bearings.

The tilt angle existing between the inner ring and outer ring will influence the bearing service life. Meanwhile, the running accuracy is decreased down and noise increased.

Tolerance and clearance

The tolerances of general angular contact bearings are class normal P0, class P5 and P6. Class P4 and P2 are applicable to machine tool spindles and bearing amount in pairs.

Clearance of single row angular contact bearing is decided by the contact angle, which is guaranteed by manufacturing.

Axial clearance of Four-point contact ball bearings is listed in table 1.

Cage material

Generally, the cage of angular contact bearing is pressed cage of steel sheet or brass cage, and it is solid brass cage for two row angular contact bearing.

Dynamic equivalent radial load

Single-row angular contact ball bearings with a contact angle of 15°

Single bearing or bearing in pairs(7000 C.7000 C/DT)

F_a/F_r≤e         P_r=F_r 

F_a/F_r>e          P_r=0.44F_r+YF_a

Back-to-back and face to face arrangements(7000 C/DB.7000 C/DF)

F_a/F_r≤e         P_r=F_r+Y₁F_a       

F_a/F_r>e          P_r=0.72F_r+Y₂F_a    

Single-row angler contact ball bearings with a contact angle of 25°

Single bearing or bearing in pairs(7000 AC.7000 AC/DT)

F_a/F_r≤0.68      P_r=F_r             

F_a/F_r>0.68       P_r=0.41F_r+0.87F_a   

Back-to-back and face to face arrangements(7000 AC/DB.7000 AC/DF)

F_a/F_r≤0.68      P_r=F_r+0.92F_a       

F_a/F_r>0.68       P_r=0.67F_r+1.41F_a    

Single-row angular contact ball bearings with a contact angle of 40°

Single bearing or bearing in pairs (7000 B.7000 B/DT)

F_a/F_r≤1.14      P_r=F_r             

F_a/F_r>1.14       P_r=0.35F_r+0.57F_a   

Back-to-back and face to face arrangements(7000 B/DB.7000 B/DF)

F_a/F_r≤1.14      P_r=F_r+0.55F_a      

F_a/F_r>1.14       P_r=0.57F_r+0.93F_a   

Four point contact ball bearings with a contact angle of 35°

F_a/F_r≤0.95      P_r=F_r+0.66F_a      

F_a/F_r>0.95       P_r=0.6F_r+1.07F_a    

Double-row angular contact ball bearings with a contact angle of 45°

F_a/F_r≤1.34      P_r=F_r+0.47F_a      

F_a/F_r>1.34       P_r=0.54F_r+0.81F_a   

Static equivalent radial load

Single-row angular contact ball bearings with a contact angle of 15°

For single bearing or bearing in pairs(7000 C.7000 C/DT)

 

P_0r=0.5F_r+0.46F_a   

P_0r<F_r  P_0r=F_r

For back-to-back and face-to-face arrangements (7000 C/DB.7000 C/DF)

P_0r=F_r+0.92F_a

Single-row angular contact ball bearings with contact angle of 25°

For single bearing or bearing in pairs (7000 AC.7000 AC/DT)

P_0r=0.5F_r+0.38F_a  

when P_0r<F_r  let P_0r=F_r

For two bearings in back-to-back and face-to-face arrangements

P_0r=F_r+0.76F_a

Single-row angular contact ball bearings with contact angle of 40°

For single bearing or bearing in pairs

P_0r=0.5F_r+0.26F_a   

when P_0r<F_r  let P_0r=F_r

For two bearings in back-to-back and face-to-face arrangements

P_0r=F_r+0.52F_a

Four point contact ball bearings

P_0r=F_r+0.58F_a

Double-row angular contact ball bearings with contact angle of 45°

P_0r=F_r+0.44F_a

F_r  Actual radial load of the bearing.

F_a   Axial load of the bearing

The values of e .Y .Y₁ .Y₂  see Table 2.

Table 1   Axial internal clearance of four point contact ball bearings

                                        μm

Nominal bore diameter  d mm		C2 clearance		Standard clearance		C3 clearance		C4 clearance
Over	To	Min	Max	Min	Max	Over	To	Min	Max
10 18 40   60 80 100   140 180 220   260	18 40 60   80 100 140   180 200 260   300	15 26 36   46 56 66   76 96 115   135	55 66 86   96 116 136   156 176 195   215	45 56 76   86 96 116   136 156 175   195	85 106 126   136 156 176   196 216 235   275	75 96 116   126 135 156   176 196 215   255	115 146 166   176 196 216   236 256 295   335	105 136 156   166 176 196   216 236 275   295	145 186 206   216 236 256   276 296 335   355

 

Table 2   Calculate Coefficient

                           Î¼m

	e	Y	Y1	Y2
0.172 0.345 0.689 1.03 1.38 2.07 3.45 5.17 6.89	0.38 0.4 0.43 0.46 0.47 0.5 0.55 0.56 0.56	1.47 1.4 1.3 1.23 1.19 1.12 1.02 1 1	1.65 1.57 1.46 1.38 1.34 1.26 1.14 1.12 1.12	2.39 2.28 2.11 2 1.93 1.82 1.66 1.63 1.63

Dw is the diameter of the rolling element

Angular Contact Ball Bearing

Machined Cage Angular Contact Ball Bearing,Pressed Cage Angular Contact Ball Bearing,One Row Angular Contact Ball Bearing,Two Row Angular Contact Ball Bearing

Xibei Bearing Co.,Ltd. , https://www.nxzjck.com